{"id":161,"date":"2024-06-30T17:32:52","date_gmt":"2024-06-30T17:32:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/?page_id=161"},"modified":"2024-07-31T19:41:26","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T19:41:26","slug":"%ce%bc%ce%ad%ce%b8%ce%bf%ce%b4%ce%bf%cf%82","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/en\/%ce%bc%ce%ad%ce%b8%ce%bf%ce%b4%ce%bf%cf%82\/","title":{"rendered":"Method"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#F5E1DA” background_enable_image=”off” background_blend=”overlay” custom_padding=”0px||26px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||26px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||26px||false|false” locked=”off” collapsed=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”5138c454-be54-4233-bd3b-f8e6a8747976″ custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”32px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.24.2″ _module_preset=”73121f80-a3ef-4484-8763-c3f18e3c56d2″ custom_padding=”60px||||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_font_size=”33px” text_line_height=”1.4em” custom_margin=”-56px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Method<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Text” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_image=”off” locked=”off” collapsed=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

In the first experimental vineyard, we grafted four Robola biotypes onto two different\nrootstocks and evaluated yield and qualitative characteristics of the resulting eight\ncombinations. In the second experimental vineyard, we evaluated the effect of roto-tilling on\nsoil properties as opposed to no-till.<\/p>\n

The first experimental vineyard of 0.2 ha was established in 2012 in the middle of a larger\nvineyard at location Lakomatia of Omala, a valley with ideal pedoclimatic conditions for the\n\ndevelopment of the noble characters of the PDO wine \u201cRobola of Kefallinia.\u201d The aim of the\nexperiment was to measure the effect of combinations of two factors (rootstock and scion) on\nthe quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the produced grapes. We followed a\ncommon, time-tested experimental design called factorial randomized complete block design\n(Fig. 1).<\/p>\n

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Figure 1. Randomized complete block design with two factors, rootstock and scion, at the\nOmala region of Cephalonia. Each experimental unit consists of 20 vines, 10 horizontally x 2\nvertically. The symbol \u201c*\u201d denotes the 1103 Paulsen rootstock, whereas the symbol \u201c+\u201d\ndenotes the Richter 110 rootstock. Robola biotypes are color coded from V1<\/sub> to V4<\/sub> as follows: Red = V1<\/sub>, yellow = V2<\/sub>, green = V3<\/sub>, white = V4<\/sub>black = unused, grey = margin rows, unused.<\/p>\n

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The second experimental vineyard of 0.075 ha2<\/sup> was established in 2012 at the farm of the\nIonian University in Argostoli. The aim of the experiment was to measure the effect of two\nfactors (method of controlling native vegetation and grape variety) and their combinations on\nthe quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the produced grapes and soil quality. We\nfollowed the experimental design called split plot design, whereby each half of the vineyard\nis subject to a different level of management (Fig. 2).<\/p>\n

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Figure 2. Split-plot design replicated in three blocks at the farm of the Ionian University in\nArgostoli. The first factor is management of native vegetation at two levels: M1<\/sub> = no till and M2<\/sub> = conventional till. The second factor is grape variety at 10 levels, V1<\/sub> to V10<\/sub>. Each experimental unit consists of two vines.<\/p>\n

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The first level of management consists of incorporating the native vegetation with a roto-\ntiller, whereas the second level of management consists of cutting the native vegetation with\na brush cutter and leaving it on the ground as mulch to retard new growth.<\/p>\n

We drafted timetables of farm operations for each vineyard and for each season, taking into\naccount the annual growth cycle of grapevines as well as customary farming practices in the\nviticultural zone. Farm operations included base fertilization, winter and summer pruning,\ncontrolling native vegetation with shoulder-mounted weed cutters, hoeing and weeding, roto-\ntilling, sprayings, and harvest (Fig. 3\u201323).<\/p>\n

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Figure 3. Base fertilization at the Omala vineyard: (a) hoeing around each vine and (b) spreading potassium and magnesium sulfite fertilizer.<\/p>\n

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Figure 4. Base fertilization at the Omala vineyard: (a) spreading organic fertilizer 10-4-3 and (a) hoeing around each vine to incorporate the fertilizer.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_5a.png” title_text=”scheme_5a” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_5b.png” title_text=”scheme_5b” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 5. (a) pruning at the Omala vineyard: we leave four shoots that will later be shortened to 3\u20134 buds, and (b) pruning at the University vineyard.<\/p>\n

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Figure 6. Pruning at the Omala vineyard: (a) each shoot is shortened to 3\u20134 buds, and (b) the vineyard a few days after pruning.<\/p>\n

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Figure 7. Pruning a Robola vine at the Omala vineyard.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_8a.png” title_text=”scheme_8a” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_8b.png” title_text=”scheme_8b” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 8. Shortening the shoots at the Omala vineyard: (a) we remove the apical bud plus four leaves, and (b) the result of shortening.<\/p>\n

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Figure 9. The result of shortening the shoots at the Omala vineyard.<\/p>\n

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Figure 10. Removing lateral shoots at the Omala vineyard.<\/p>\n

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Figure 11. Removing lateral shoots at the Omala vineyard: Lateral shoots that must be removed from the main shoot.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_12a.png” title_text=”scheme_12a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_12b.png” title_text=”scheme_12b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 12. Removing lateral shoots at the Omala vineyard.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_13a.png” title_text=”scheme_13a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_13b.png” title_text=”scheme_13b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”16px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 13. Controlling native vegetation with a shoulder-mounted weed cutter at the Omala vineyard.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_14a.png” title_text=”scheme_14a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”20px||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”20px||||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”20px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_14b.png” title_text=”scheme_14b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 14. Controlling native vegetation at the University vineyard: (a) with a weed cutter and (b) weeding by hand.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_15a.png” title_text=”scheme_15a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_15b.png” title_text=”scheme_15b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 15. Controlling the perennial grass Stenotaphrum secundatum<\/em> by weeding at the University vineyard.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_16a.png” title_text=”scheme_16a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_16b.png” title_text=”scheme_16b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 16. Controlling native vegetation by hoeing at the University vineyard.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_17a.png” title_text=”scheme_17a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_17b.png” title_text=”scheme_17b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 17. The result of removing native vegetation by hoeing at the University vineyard around (a) European vine and (b) 1103 Paulsen rootstock.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_18a.png” title_text=”scheme_18a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_18b.png” title_text=”scheme_18b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 18. Protecting the Omala vineyard through dusting with (a) copper sulfite and (b) sulfur.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_19a.png” title_text=”scheme_19a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_19b.png” title_text=”scheme_19b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 19. Protecting the Omala vineyard with sulfur: (a) during dusting and (b) after dusting.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_20a.png” title_text=”scheme_20a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_20b.png” title_text=”scheme_20b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 20. Roto-tilling for: (a) manure incorporation at the Omala vineyard and (b) controlling native vegetation at the University vineyard.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_21a.png” title_text=”scheme_21a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_21b.png” title_text=”scheme_21b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 21. Grape harvest at the Omala vineyard: (a) testing the weighing scales and (b) harvesting the grapes and placing them in the intermediate bucket before weighing.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_22a.png” title_text=”scheme_22a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”29px||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”29px||||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”29px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_22b.png” title_text=”scheme_22b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 22. Grape harvest at the Omala vineyard: (a) transferring the grapes from the intermediate bucket to the bucket of the weighing scale and (b) completing the log sheet with the grape mass from each vine.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_23a.png” title_text=”scheme_23a” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/oinotypos.fst.ionio.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/scheme_23b.png” title_text=”scheme_23b” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#A38671″ custom_margin=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_tablet=”|43px||43px||true” custom_margin_phone=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”7px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Figure 23. Grape harvest at the Omala vineyard: (a) loading the crates onto the truck and (b) transporting the harvest to the winery.<\/p>\n

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